The key role of Omega-3 in the management of PCOS

Most available treatments target only one of the hormonal or metabolic aspects. Omega -3s therefore represent a key ally in the management of PCOS, thanks to their multiple beneficial effects .

What is the nature of omega-3?

Omega-3s are part of lipids , a family of fatty compounds essential for the proper functioning of the body . Lipids include steroids, phospholipids, carotenoids, triglycerides, and fatty acids, which play various structural, hormonal, and energy-producing roles.

The different types of omega-3: ALA, EPA, DHA

Omega-3s are fatty acids, a category itself divided according to their chemical structure: saturated fatty acids (without double bonds), monounsaturates (one double bond) and polyunsaturates (several double bonds), the latter being recognized for their beneficial effects on health.

Omega-3s are polyunsaturated fatty acids, characterized by a first double bond located on the third carbon atom of their chain. In comparison, this bond appears on the sixth atom for omega-6s and on the ninth for omega-9s.

There are three main forms of omega 3 : alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) , which is essential because it is not synthesized by the body, and its derivatives eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) . ALA can be converted in the body into EPA and then into DHA through a series of complex reactions. Thus, this conversion is low (less than 2%) and varies between individuals.

Food sources of omega-3

Omega-3s are present in the diet in varying concentrations . Plant sources, such as walnuts or rapeseed and flaxseed oils, mainly provide ALA. On the other hand, oily fish , salmon , mackerel, herring, sardines or anchovies, directly provide EPA and DHA.

Our omega-3 intake is low. According to ANSES, between 50 and 75% of women have insufficient intakes of DHA , and more than 75% of ALA and EPA. Supplementation may therefore be useful, given the fundamental role of these fatty acids in the proper functioning of the body.

What is the role of omega-3 in the body?

Omega-3 fatty acids perform several essential functions in the body.

First, on an energy level , 1 gram provides 9 kcal, making it a very concentrated source of energy.

They also play a major structural role by entering into the composition of cell membranes, of which they improve the fluidity, thus promoting exchanges between cells .

Furthermore, omega-3s intervene functionally as precursors of anti-inflammatory mediators.

Omega-3s are essential for proper brain and visual function : after adipose tissue, the brain is the organ richest in lipids. DHA, also known as cervonic acid, makes up 20% of the brain's fatty acids and 60% of those found in visual cells.

The impact of omega-3 on hormonal parameters related to PCOS

Omega-3 fatty acids also play an important role in hormonal regulation, especially in women with PCOS .

Effects on hormone levels: Testosterone, LH, FSH

Several scientific studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of omega-3 on various hormonal markers. A decrease in LH levels , often too high in cases of PCOS, has been observed, which can promote more regular ovulation. At the same time, an improvement in the FSH/LH ratio seems to contribute to better regulation of the menstrual cycle.

Omega-3s also play a role in reducing circulating testosterone , a key factor in alleviating some PCOS symptoms such as acne, hair loss, or hirsutism. They also promote an increase in SHBG , a transport protein that limits the action of free sex hormones.

Role in fertility and ovulation

The regulating effects of omega-3s on hormonal balance may have a positive impact on fertility . By supporting better regulation of key hormones involved in ovulation, these essential fatty acids contribute to more regular menstrual cycles. This may be particularly beneficial in cases of PCOS, the leading cause of infertility in young women, where hormonal imbalances often disrupt ovarian function.

The impact of omega-3 on metabolic parameters related to PCOS

In addition, omega-3s contribute to the regulation of metabolic disorders frequently associated with this syndrome, the latter participating in maintaining hormonal imbalances in a vicious circle.

Improvement of lipid profile

Omega-3s improve lipid metabolism by reducing LDL levels , the "bad" cholesterol , while increasing HDL levels , considered the "good" cholesterol. They also limit lipogenesis , the formation of new fats from sugars, and reduce the absorption of cholesterol in the intestine.

Furthermore, omega-3s promote an increase in plasma concentrations of adiponectin , a hormone secreted by adipose tissue, essential for the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism . Adiponectin levels are often lowered in people who are overweight, obese, diabetic or suffering from PCOS, which reinforces the interest of omega-3s in this context.

Improvement of the glycemic profile and impact on anthropometric parameters: BMI, waist circumference

Finally, omega-3s play a vital role in improving insulin sensitivity . On average, 50 to 70% of women with PCOS have insulin resistance, causing disruptions in carbohydrate metabolism and increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes.

Clinical studies demonstrate that omega-3 intake leads to a significant reduction in fasting insulin concentrations and an improvement in the HOMA-IR index , a recognized marker of insulin resistance. By promoting more efficient use of glucose by the body, omega-3 helps restore a favorable metabolic balance, thus limiting complications related to PCOS. This action is notably reflected in a reduction in waist circumference and body mass index (BMI). This nutritional approach thus constitutes a valuable complement in the overall management of the syndrome, with benefits on carbohydrate metabolism and cardiovascular health.

This article is for informational purposes only and does not replace consultation or advice from your doctor. Seek professional advice before starting any dietary supplement.

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